Academic Background Complex Networks (CNs) play a crucial role in fields such as sociology, engineering, and natural sciences, and are widely applied in scenarios like power distribution, traffic dispatching, and multi-agent collaboration. However, due to factors such as communication packet loss, sensor noise, and environmental uncertainties, obta...

Research on Cooperative Output Regulation of Heterogeneous Directed Multi-Agent Systems: A Fully Distributed Model-Free Reinforcement Learning Framework Background In recent years, the study of distributed control and optimization has demonstrated broad application prospects in smart transportation, smart grids, distributed energy systems, and othe...