Enhancing Immunotherapy Potential Through PD-L1 Upregulation—Combination of Anti-PD-L1 and mTOR Inhibitors Background Introduction In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have made significant progress in cancer treatment, particularly in the treatment of urothelial cancer (UC). PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors restore T cell anti-tumor activity ...

Research Background Bladder cancer is a highly prevalent malignant tumor worldwide, ranking as the fourth most common malignancy in men. According to the 2016 report by the National Cancer Center of China (NCCR), bladder cancer ranks sixth in incidence among male malignancies. Despite continuous improvements in medical diagnostic methods and surgic...