Academic Background Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive form of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL), accounting for approximately 30% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Although first-line immunochemotherapy (e.g., R-CHOP regimen) has shown efficacy in DLBCL patients, about 30% of patients relapse or become refractory (relapsed/refrac...

Academic Background Cancer immunotherapy has become a hot topic in cancer research in recent years, with its core goal being to activate the patient’s own immune system to recognize and eliminate cancer cells. However, cancer cells evade immune system attacks through various mechanisms, one of which is the expression of the “don’t eat me” signal mo...

T cell receptors (TCRs) play a crucial role in the immune system by recognizing antigen peptides presented by major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs), thereby initiating immune responses against pathogens and tumor cells. However, the specificity of TCRs—their ability to distinguish self-antigens from non-self antigens—is central to the effective...

Academic Background When plants face pathogen invasion, they activate a series of complex defense mechanisms. Among these, reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role in plant immune responses. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), as a major component of ROS, is considered a key signaling molecule in plant immunity. However, how H₂O₂ is sensed within pl...

Background Brain tumors, particularly medulloblastoma (MB) in children, are one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in pediatric populations. Despite advancements in treatments such as surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, the prognosis for high-risk MB remains poor. In recent years, immunotherapy, especially CAR-T cell the...

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by symmetric synovitis, leading to progressive functional disability in patients. Although monoclonal antibody therapies targeting cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-α, TNFα) and B cells (e.g., CD20-targeted antibody rituximab) have significantly improved RA treatment...

Background Esophageal cancer ranks as the seventh most prevalent cancer globally and is the sixth leading cause of cancer-related deaths, accounting for over half a million deaths annually. Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the primary types of esophageal cancer, particularly prevalent in Asian regions. For patients with unresecta...

Academic Background Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) is one of the cancers with a rapidly rising incidence globally, particularly among young patients and minorities. In the United States, an estimated 81,610 new cases of RCC will be diagnosed in 2024, with approximately 30% progressing to metastatic RCC. For locally advanced RCC, the initial treatment i...

Academic Background Circulating DNA (cirdna) has garnered significant attention in recent years for its potential in tumor diagnosis, particularly in the field of liquid biopsy. cirdna not only aids in detecting tumor gene mutations but also plays a crucial role in treatment monitoring, cancer recurrence surveillance, and cancer screening. However,...

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors among women worldwide, with a complex pathogenesis involving multiple gene mutations and signaling pathway abnormalities. Homologous Recombination Deficiency (HRD) is a significant molecular characteristic in breast cancer, closely related to patients’ sensitivity to PARP inhibitor (PARPi) th...