Macroscopic and Microscopic Mechanisms of Nicotinamide Metabolism Antagonism: Manipulation of the Gastric Cancer Microenvironment Background Introduction Gastric cancer (GC) is a type of cancer characterized by a unique and heterogeneous tumor microenvironment (TME). Despite advances in immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy for gastric cancer, n...

Key Research on the Role of Macrophages in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Background and Research Objectives Since the 1990s, research has shown that macrophages play a promoting role in peripheral nerve regeneration, and are particularly important in the conditioning lesion (CL) response. After sciatic nerve injury, macrophages accumulate at the in...

Spatially Isolated Macrophage Populations Predict Different Outcomes in Colon Cancer Introduction Macrophages are sentinel immune cells in tissues, performing a variety of functions including pathogen defense, antigen presentation, phagocytosis of dead cells, and the secretion of signals that drive tissue repair. In tumors, macrophage infiltration ...

Oxygen is an essential substance for all metazoan organisms on Earth, influencing biological processes under various physiological and pathological conditions. Although systems that induce acute hypoxic responses, including the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway, have been identified, their mechanisms of action under prolonged hypoxia remain in...