Dynamic Changes in Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ERα) Promoter Methylation and Drug Resistance in Breast Cancer Cells Background Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women worldwide, with approximately 75% of breast cancer patients expressing estrogen receptor alpha (ERα, gene symbol ESR1). ERα is not only an important prognostic marker...

Delivery of Enzyme Replacement Therapy Across the Blood-Brain Barrier for Hunter Syndrome Background Hunter syndrome (Mucopolysaccharidosis II, MPS II) is a rare inherited metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of the iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) enzyme. This enzyme deficiency leads to the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (such as heparan sulfa...

Plasma S100β as a Predictor for Pathology and Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer’s Disease Academic Background Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, characterized by the deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and the aggregation of hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau (tau). These pathological changes lead to gra...

The New Role of BOK Protein in Calcium Signaling Regulation Background Introduction BOK (Bcl-2-related ovarian killer) is a member of the Bcl-2 protein family and has long been thought to play a role in cell apoptosis. However, recent studies suggest that BOK may also have non-apoptotic functions, particularly in the regulation of calcium ion (Ca²⁺...

The Role of Histone Demethylases in Autophagy and Inflammation Background Introduction Autophagy is an essential lysosomal degradation process in eukaryotic cells, playing a critical role in cellular component renewal and homeostasis maintenance. Dysregulation of autophagy is associated with various diseases, including cancer, inflammatory diseases...

The Role of Sirtuins in Obesity and Osteoporosis and Their Therapeutic Potential Academic Background Obesity and osteoporosis (OP) are increasingly severe public health issues worldwide. Obesity is not only closely related to metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes but also has a complex association with the occurrence of os...

Study on the Regulatory Mechanism of tsRNA-Gln-i-0095 in Retinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Academic Background Retinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a critical pathological mechanism in various ocular diseases, including glaucoma, central retinal vein occlusion, and retinopathy of prematurity. I/R injury leads to the death of retinal gangl...

The Critical Role of Calcium in Skeletal Muscle Function and Its Interaction with Mitochondria and the Endoplasmic Reticulum Academic Background Calcium ions (Ca²⁺) are crucial intracellular signaling molecules, particularly in the excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) of skeletal muscle. The contraction of skeletal muscle relies on the release and...

N88S Seipin-related Seipinopathy is a Lipidopathy Associated with Loss of Iron Homeostasis Academic Background Seipin is a protein encoded by the human BSCL2 gene and the yeast SEI1 gene, forming an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-bound homo-oligomer. This oligomer plays a crucial role in targeting ER-lipid droplet (LD) contact sites, facilitating the d...

PRDX5 and PRDX6 in Oxidative Stress Response During Cryopreservation of Bull Sperm Academic Background Cryopreservation is a critical step in animal breeding and assisted reproductive technologies, particularly in the preservation of bull sperm. However, oxidative stress generated during cryopreservation significantly reduces sperm quality, leading...