Pancreatic cancer is a highly malignant tumor with an extremely low five-year survival rate, especially for patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC), who have limited treatment options and poor prognosis. LAPC is defined based on the degree of tumor contact with adjacent blood vessels and is often considered “unresectable” at diagnos...

Mastectomy is a common surgical procedure in the treatment of breast cancer, with approximately 55,000 women diagnosed with breast cancer each year in the UK, of whom up to 40% undergo mastectomy. Mastectomy has a profound impact on women’s physical and mental health, and the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommends th...

Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignant tumor worldwide, and its prognosis assessment primarily relies on the TNM staging system. However, the current TNM staging system does not fully account for the presence and count of Tumor Deposits (TDs) in lymph node-positive colorectal cancer. Tumor deposits refer to discrete tumor nodule...

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women worldwide, with over 56,000 women diagnosed annually in the UK. Despite advancements in treatment, approximately 40% of patients still undergo mastectomy. While mastectomy effectively controls cancer, it profoundly impacts patients’ quality of life. Many women describe mastectomy as a “dis...

During tumor development, copy number alterations (CNAs) are key drivers of tumor heterogeneity and evolution. Understanding these variations is crucial for developing personalized cancer diagnostics and therapies. Single-cell sequencing technology offers the highest resolution for copy number analysis, down to the individual cell level. However, l...

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death globally. Despite significant advancements in immunotherapy in recent years, such as the successful application of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), the effective identification of cancer-specific surface protein targets remains a major challenge i...

Academic Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly malignant primary brain tumor. Despite current standard treatments such as surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, the prognosis remains extremely poor, with a median survival of only 14.6 months. Traditional treatments often fail to completely eradicate the tumor and are prone to recur...

Academic Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive and heterogeneous central nervous system tumors, with an extremely poor prognosis. Despite the emergence of novel therapies such as anti-angiogenic treatments and immunotherapy in recent years, the survival period of GBM patients remains very limited. GBM cells exhibit unique meta...

Background Introduction Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive brain cancers, with a median survival of approximately 15 months. Despite the use of multimodal treatments including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, the overall survival rate of GBM patients has not significantly improved over the past few decades. Recent studies have...

Academic Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor, with significant treatment challenges and a poor prognosis. Despite advancements in surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, the 5-year survival rate for GBM patients remains below 4%. The recurrence and therapeutic resistance of GBM are primarily attribut...